Establishment of a Method for Determination of Amygdalin in Quality Control System of Qingfei Paidu Granules / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveAlmond， which is bitter in taste， contains traces of toxic substances. For the sake of the safety of prescriptions containing this medicinal material， the processing method of "soaking in boiling water" was selected. Moreover， through literature research and network pharmacology， the characteristic index of this medicinal material was determined. On this basis， a method was established for the determination of amygdalin in Qingfei Paidu Granules （QFPD） and the transfer rate of it in the processing of this prescription was monitored， aiming at improving the quality control system of QFPD. MethodThe high performance liquid chromatography conditions are as follows： YMC Triart C18 column （4.6 mm × 150 mm， 5 µm）， mobile phase of methanol-water with flow of 1.0 mL·min-1， column temperature of 35 ℃， and detection wavelength of 210 nm. ResultThe linear curve fitted well and the average recovery of amygdalin was 97.74% with RSD of 4.3%. The transfer rates of amygdalin from the medicinal material to the extract， from extract to concentrate， and from concentrate to granules were investigated with this method. The result showed that the average transfer rate from the medicinal material to the granules was （60±3.91）%. The comparison of transfer rate between the processes suggesting that the extraction of the medicinal material might be the key part influencing the prescription preparation. ConclusionThe method is simple， sensitive， reproducible， stable， and accurate， and the index is reasonable. Thus， the method can be used for the quality control of QFPD and determination of transfer rate of components in the preparation of QFPD. This study further improves the quality control standard of almond in QFPD， which can serve as a reference for the clinical application of QFPD.

Factors effective on reaching goals and target groups of agricultural supports: a case study in Diyarbakir Province, Turkey / Determinação de fatores eficazes para alcançar as metas e os grupos-alvo dos apoios agrícolas: um estudo de caso na Província de Diyarbakir, Turquia

ABSTRACT: In this study, factors affecting the willingness to continue organic almond production in Eğil and Dicle districts of Diyarbakır were investigated. A semi-structured interview method was used in data collection. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in data analysis. According to the results, it was reported that the association membership status and agricultural supports are very important (P<0.01) and the size of the almond establishment (acres) (p<0.01). Association membership status significantly increases the desire to continue organic production by approximately 11%. Conversely, 24.2 percent of the participants who claim that support is needed for almond production is willing to produce organic. However, one hectare increase in almond plantation reduced the probability of continuing organic almond production in the ceteris paribus by 1%, suggesting that organic farming awareness is not sufficiently developed. It turns out that support payments are the main driving force for farmers to continue organic production, and the underlying reason for association membership is access to support payments.

RESUMO: Neste estudo foram investigados os fatores que afetam a disposição de continuar a produção orgânica de amêndoas nos distritos de Eğil e Dicle, em Diyarbakır. O método de entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizado na coleta de dados. A estatística descritiva e regressão logística foram utilizados na análise dos dados. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que o status de membro da associação e os apoios agrícolas são muito importantes (P<0,01) e o tamanho do estabelecimento de amêndoa (acres) (p<0,01). O status de membro da sociação aumenta significativamente o desejo de continuar a produção orgânica em aproximadamente 11%. Por outro lado, 24,2% dos participantes que afirmam que é necessário apoio para a produção de amêndoas e estão dispostos a produzir produtos orgânicos. No entanto, o aumento de um hectare na plantação de amêndoa reduz a probabilidade de continuar a produção orgânica de amêndoa no ceteris paribus em 1%, sugerindo que a conscientização da agricultura orgânica não é suficientemente desenvolvida. Acontece que os pagamentos de apoio são a principal força motriz para os agricultores continuarem a produção orgânica, e a razão subjacente para a associação é o acesso a pagamentos de apoio.

Identificación de Scleroderma citrinum Pers en una plantación de almendros de la ciudad de Villa Alemana, Chile / Identification of Scleroderma citrinum Pers in an almond tree plantation from Villa Alemana city, Chile

Las micorrizas son una asociación mutualista fundamental para el desarrollo tanto de las plantas como para los hongos que la establecen. Son comunes en bosques y existen muchas especies de hongos que realizan esta asociación. Las ectomicorrizas son hifas de un hongo que penetran las raíces secundarias de la planta para desarrollarse, rodeando las células de la corteza de las raices. En este trabajo se reporta el hallazgo de la ectomicorriza Scleroderma citrinum en un predio con almendros en la ciudad de Villa Alemana, Quinta región de Chile, lugar donde no había sido descrita. Tanto las condiciones ambientales, como las características del suelo del lugar no son las más favorables para el desarrollo de esta especie.

Micorrhizae are mutualistic association between plants and fungus, which is fundamental for the both of them. They are common in forest and many species of fungus are involved in this association. Ectomicorrhizae are a group of hyphae that penetrate the secondary roots of a plant, surrounding the cortex cells to develop. In the present report we inform the ectomicorrhizae Scleroderma citrinum finding in a location with almond tree plantation at Villa Alemana city V region of Chile, place where it never been found out before. Both the environmental condition and the soil characteristics are not the best for the development of this specie.

Sistemas nanoestruturados contendo o óleo da polpa e da amêndoa da bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) ( Jacq. ) Lodd. xx Mart. ): preparação e caracterização físico-química / Nanostructured systems containing the oil of the pulp and the almond of the bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) ( Jacq. ) Lodd. Xx Mart. ): preparation and physical-chemical characterization

O fruto da bocaiúva pertence à família Palmae, espécie Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.Ex Martius abundante e nativa no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, São Paulo e Minas Gerais. O óleo da polpa da fruta constitui de alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados, com uma predominância de ácido oleico, chegando a 60% de sua composição e o óleo da amêndoa da bocaiúva apresenta além do oleico, aproximadamente 40% o ácido láurico (13%) e ácido palmítico (12,6%). O óleo da polpa é rico em fenóis totais (2,69 g por 100g de amostra), carotenóides (55mg eq ß- caroteno/100g de amostra) e possui alta atividade ORAC (283,93 µmol/g de amostra). Foram obtidos quatro novos sistemas nanoestruturados que estão apresentados a seguir com seus respectivos valores de potencial zeta e diâmetro médio: 1) carreador lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo da polpa (-22,4 mV e 192,55 nm); 2) carreador lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo da amêndoa (-23,95 mV e 227,75 nm); 3) nanopartículas poliméricas contendo o óleo da polpa (-47,5 mV e 127,70 nm) e 4) nanopartícula polimérica contendo o óleo da amêndoa da bocaiúva (-44,74 mV e 131,3 nm). O sistema nanoestruturado contendo o óleo de polpa de bocaiuva e o sistema contendo triglicérides de ácido cáprico e caprílico apresentaram a primeira concentração não-citotóxica igual a 0,098% (p/v). O sistema lipídico nanoestruturado contendo óleo de polpa de bocaiúva e os filtros químicos octocrileno e avobenzona revelou citotoxicidade maior quando comparado aos sistemas ipídicos nanoestruturados, isentos de filtros, conforme esperado. Os sistemas carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados contendo o óleo da amêndoa e o óleo da polpa da bocaiuva quando adicionados na formulação base (FPS 14), em concentração de 20% p/p, apresentou aumento respectivamente de 92,8% e 35,7 % no FPS. Tais resultados demonstraram interação sinérgica entre a formulação fotoprotetora e o sistema lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo de amêndoa. Dessa maneira, esse sistema carreador lipídico nanoestruturado, aditivado com os filtros químicos constitui inovação com aplicação industrial. A obtenção dos sistemas nanoestruturados proposto no presente projeto permitirá o desenvolvimento de uma nova plataforma nanotecnológica farmacêutica e cosmética contendo os óleos vegetais do fruto da bocaiúva, de maior segurança, eficácia e de elevado valor agregado

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius, known as bocaiuva is an oleaginous species of the family Arecaceae, a widely distributed palm in America. Pulp and almond oils were extracted by cold-pressed method. The oil from the pulp is rich in phenolics (2.69 g per 100 g of sample), carotenoids (beta-carotene 55 mg eq / 100g sample) and has high ORAC activity (283.93 umol/g of sample). Four new nanostructured systems were obtained which are shown below with their respective values zeta potential and average diameter: 1) nanostructured lipid carrier containing the pulp oil (-22.4 mV and 192.55 nm); 2) nanostructured lipid carrier containing the almond oil (-23.95 mV and 227,75nm); 3) polymeric nanoparticles containing the pulp oil (-47.5 mV and 127,70nm) and 4) polymeric nanoparticle containing the almond oil (-44.74 mV and 131.3 nm). The nanostructured system containing the bocaiuva pulp oil and the system containing oil and capric caprylic triglyceride presented the first non-cytotoxic concentration equal to 0.098% (w/v). The nanostructured lipid system containing bocaiuva pulp oil and chemical filters octocrylene and avobenzone showed a higher cytotoxicity when compared to the nanostructured lipid systems, free of filters. The nanostructured lipid carriers systems containing bocaiuva almond oil and pulp oil when added to the base formulation (SPF 14), in a concentration of 20% (w/w), increased respectively 92.8% and 35.7% the SPF. These results demonstrated a synergic interaction between the sunscreen formulation and nanostructured lipid system containing almond oil. Thus, the lipid carrier system nanostructured, spiked with the chemical filters is innovation with industrial application. The obtaining nanostructured systems proposed in the present design will allow the development of a new pharmaceutical nanotechnology platform and cosmetics containing oils from the fruit of bocaiuva, increased safety, efficiency and high added value. Thus, bocaiuva pulp and almond oils present interesting composition, consistent for the use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic topical products due to its moisturizing, emollient and anti-aging potential properties

Avaliação físico-química de óleos da amêndoa de pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb. ) obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e sua influência sobre marcadores bioquímicos, oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda por tetracloreto de carbono / Evaluation of physical-chemistry properties of handmade and cold-pressed pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb. ) almond oil and its influence on biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory markers in rats subjected to carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxicity

O óleo da amêndoa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) é considerado um coproduto do fruto, consumido na região do Cerrado, bioma brasileiro. Ele é fundamental para agregar valor e ampliar a utilização deste fruto regional a outros setores produtivos comerciais. Relatos na literatura apontam que o óleo possui capacidade antioxidante e efeitos benéficos sobre doenças inflamatórias, que estão associados à presença de ácidos graxos insaturados e fitoquímicos em sua composição química. Por outro lado, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) é uma potente hepatotoxina, capaz de gerar radicais livres que levam ao estresse oxidativo e à inflamação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os óleos da amêndoa de pequi obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e verificar o efeito de seus constituintes graxos e bioativos sobre parâmetros oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda induzida por tetracloreto de carbono. Inicialmente, foram investigados os parâmetros de qualidade dos óleos, bem como o perfil de ácidos graxos, teores de compostos bioativos, capacidade antioxidante e estabilidade termo-oxidativa. Os óleos da amêndoa de pequi apresentaram boa qualidade e resistência termo-oxidativa e mostraram-se ricos em ácido graxo oleico, além de possuírem compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, como fenólicos, carotenoides, tocoferóis e fitosteróis. Posteriormente, o efeito do tratamento por 22 dias com óleos da amêndoa de pequi artesanal ou prensado a frio (3 mL/kg) sobre a toxicidade aguda induzida pelo CCl4 em ratos "Wistar" machos foi avaliado. Para tal, foram determinados marcadores bioquímicos séricos, perfil lipídico, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores do sistema de defesa antioxidante e detoxificante, além de parâmetros inflamatórios do tecido hepático. De maneira geral, verificou-se que os óleos da amêndoa de pequi não minimizaram as alterações hepáticas induzidas pelo CCl4, evidenciadas pelas enzimas marcadoras do dano hepático e por parâmetros inflamatórios, no entanto os animais tratados com o óleo prensado a frio aumentaram sua capacidade antioxidante

The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) almond oil is considered a by-product of the fruit, consumed in the Brazilian savannah region. It is essential to add value and increase the use this regional fruit to other commercial productive sectors. The pequi almond oil has been reported to possess antioxidant capacity and beneficial effect on inflammatory diseases due its chemical composition in unsaturated fatty compounds and phytochemicals. On the other hand, the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a potent hepatotoxin that is capable of generating free radicals and lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the pequi almond oils obtained by handmade and cold-press process and verify the effect of their fatty acids and bioactive constituents on oxidative and inflammatory parameters in rats submitted to carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxicity. Initially, quality parameters, chemical composition and thermo-oxidative stability of the oils were investigated. The pequi almond oils showed good quality and thermo-oxidative resistance and shown to be rich in oleic fatty acid, besides the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties, such as phenolics, carotenoids, tocopherols and phytosterols. Subsequently, the effect of the oils (3 mL/kg) treatment for 22 days on acute toxicity induced by CCl4 in male Wistar rats was evaluated. The serum biochemical markers levels, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, markers of antioxidant defense and detoxication and inflammatory parameters in liver tissue were determined. In general, it was found that the pequi almond oil not minimized liver alterations induced by CCl4, as evidenced by the liver function enzymes and the inflammatory parameters, however in animals which received the cold pressed oil was increased antioxidant capacity

An efficient regeneration and rapid micropropagation protocol for Almond using dormant axillary buds as explants.

An efficient in vitro protocol was standardized for Almond (Prunus dulcis) propagation using dormant axillary buds as explants. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with different concentration/combination(s) of phytohormones. MS basal medium showed lowest shoot induction and took longest duration for shoot initiation. Multiple shoots were induced in MS medium supplemented with the combination of BAP (0.5 mgL-1). Cultures showed poor response for rooting in all combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and took 90 days for initiation. Rooting was higher in half strength of MS than in full-strength. The highest root induction (33.33%) was recorded in half MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mgL-1 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) followed by full strength of MS medium (20%) supplemented with IBA (0.1 mgL-1). α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was less effective for rooting than IBA. The highest root induction (25%) was found in half strength of MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mgL-1 NAA followed by full strength of MS medium (20%). The protocol developed would be of use in mass propagation of almond and also support in vitro conservation.

Production of New Almond-Peach Hybrid Rootstocks Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode.

Aims: This research was conducted to hybridize almond (Om El-fahm and M. Dalet) female parent with Okinawa peach rootstock as a male parent to introduce new almond rootstock resistance to root-knot nematode. Methodology: Okinawa peach rootstock used in crosses with both of Om El-fahm and M. Dalet almond cvs. and the resulting hybrids identified by SSR and STS markers for the presence and/or absence of the expected resistance marker. Inoculation by M. incognita with suspension of 2500 eggs per plants through holes in the soil to evaluate hybrids resistance. Results: Fruit set percentage was higher with Om El-fahm than M. Dalet while, the opposite was true for fruit drop. No significant differences were observed for seed germination with the used females. Hybrid no.3 resulting from M. Dalet x Okinawa crosses showed the highest significant value of vegetative growth parameters. The STS marker; the OPA11 primer pair with Okinawa x Om El-fahm showed the resistant marker at the expected size (166 bp) for all of the tested hybrids except for hybrids no. 7 and 8. Meanwhile, only one hybrid (no. 8) of Okinawa x M. Dalet failed to amplify the resistant marker. The Okinawa parent was clustered with hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 14 for Om El-fahm and hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for M. Dalet indicating a common genetic resistance for root-knot nematode. Conclusion: Hybrid rootstocks slightly varied in their resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. However, line no. 6 (Okinawa × Om El-fahm) could be considered as highly resistant (HR).

Beach almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) / Producción de semillas y depredación del almendro de playa (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) por lapas rojas (Ara macao) y ardillas chizas (Sciurus variegatoides)

Knowledge of ecological impacts of exotic beach almond (Terminalia catappa) in the central Pacific of Costa Rica are little known, but studies have found this species to be a potentially important food source for endangered scarlet macaws (Ara macao). In this study, reproductive phenology and seed predation by variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) and scarlet macaws were measured during March and April 2011 on beaches of central Pacific coastal Costa Rica. Seed productivity and predation levels were quantified on a weekly basis for 111 beach almond trees to assess the importance of beach almond as a food source for scarlet macaws and the extent of resource partitioning between seed predators. Seed production of the trees was great (about 194 272 seeds) and approximately 67% of seeds were predated by seed predators. Macaws consumed an estimated 49% of seeds while squirrels consumed 18%. Additionally, evidence of resource partitioning between squirrels and macaws was found. Scarlet macaws preferred to feed on the northern side and edge of the canopy while squirrels preferred to feed on the southern and inside parts of the canopy. Both species ate most seeds on the ocean side of the tree. Despite the status of this tree as an exotic species, the beach almond appears to be an important resource for scarlet macaw population recovery. The resource produced by this tree should be taken into account as reforestation efforts continue in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 929-938. Epub 2014 September 01.

El conocimiento de los impactos ecológicos del almendro de playa exótico (Terminalia catappa) en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica son poco conocidos, pero los estudios han encontrado que esta especie es una fuente de alimento potencialmente importante para la lapa roja (Ara macao), en peligro de extinción. En este estudio, se midieron la fenología reproductiva y la depredación de semillas por las ardillas (Sciurus variegatoides) y lapas rojas durante marzo y abril 2011 en las playas de la costa Pacífica Central de Costa Rica. Los niveles de productividad y depredación de semillas se cuantificaron semanalmente para 111 almendros de playa, para evaluar la importancia del almendro de playa como fuente de alimento para la lapa roja y el grado de repartición de recursos entre los depredadores de semillas. La producción de semillas de los árboles fue alta (cerca de 194 272 semillas) y aproximadamente el 67% de las semillas fueron comidas por los depredadores, las lapas rojas consumen un estimado de 49% de las semillas, mientras que las ardillas consumen el 18%. Adicionalmente, se encontró evidencia de la repartición de recursos entre las ardillas y las lapas. Las lapas rojas prefieren alimentarse en el lado norte y el borde de la copa, mientras que las ardillas prefieren las regiones del sur y el interior de la copa. Ambas especies se comieron la mayoría de las semillas en la parte del árbol con lado al mar. A pesar de la situación de este árbol como una especie exótica, la playa de almendras parece ser un recurso importante para la recuperación de la población de lapas rojas. El recurso que produce este árbol debe tomarse en cuenta para continuar con los esfuerzos de reforestación en Costa Rica.

Evaluation of seasonal antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds in stems and leaves of some almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) varieties

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the seasonal changes of total antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in samples taken from leaves (April, July, October) and stems (April, July, October, January) of some almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) varieties (Nonpareil, Ferragnes and Texas). RESULTS: It was indicated that antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in leaves and stems of Nonpareil, Ferragnes and Texas showed seasonal differences. Antioxidant activity IC50 of these varieties reached the highest value in April for leaves whereas in October for stems. The highest level of total phenolic compounds was in January for stems while in October for leaves. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that total antioxidant activity and phenolics in leaves and stems of almond varieties changed according to season and plant organ.

Determinación d compuestos cianogénicos amigdaina y prunasina en semillas de almendras (prunus dulcis l) utilizando cromatografía liquida de alta resolución / Determination of cyanogenic compound amygdalin and prunasin in alond kernels (prrunus dulcis l) by using liquid chromatography / Detrminação de ccompostos cianogênicos amigdalina eprunasina em seementes e amêndoa (prunus dulcis miller) cromatografia líquida de alta resolução

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aplicar un técnica para determinar y cuantificar por separado los compuestos cianogénicos que pueden estar presentes en la semilla de almendra madura (Prunus dulcis). Entre los métodos encontrados, se seleccionó la cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC), que permite la cuantificación de los glucósidos cianogénicos amigdalina y prunasina por separado, adecuando diferentes procedimientos de extracción como el tamaño de partículas que influye en el proceso de liofilización, donde a menor superficie mayor área de contacto para la sublimación. Se ensayaron muestras sin grasa y con grasa, utilizando los resultados con muestras con grasa, dados los resultados obtenidos. Se utilizó metanol 100% como extractante de los glucósidos cianogénicos, resultando una concentración de amigdalina máxima a partir un tiempo de extracción de 12 horas y como fase móvil acetonitrilo/agua (20:80), se obtiene amigdalina, con una concentración de 9,8 mg/100g de muestra seca. Los cromatogramas obtenidos presentan tiempo de retención (Tr), Amigdalina: 3,4 y Prunasina, 5,7, dos picos con excelente resolución, por lo tanto las condiciones anteriores se pueden utilizar para la identificación y cuantificación de amigdalina y prunasina.

The aim of this study was to apply a technique to identify and quantify separately also cyanogenic compounds that may be present in the mature seed almond (Prunus dulcis). Among the methods selected the chromatography of liquids of high resolution (HPLC), that permit the quantification of the glycosides for the separation process of Freeze Dry where there is less surface there is more contact to sublimation without fat samples, looking at the obtain results and supported by other investigations, the use of 100 % methanol extract as a mobile phase acetonitrile-water (80:20) the results obtained of the glycosides cyanogenics resulting in a concentration of maximum amygdalin from the time of extraction of twelve hours, amygdalin is obtained, with a concentration of 9,8 mg / 100 g of dry sample. The chromatograms obtained a time of retention (Tr), amygdalin 3,4 and prunasin 5,7 two peaks with excellent resolution, to the above conditions can be used for analysis by HPLC, identification and quantification of amygdalin and prunasina.

Neste trabalho, a técnica é aplicada para determinar e também para quantificar separadamente compostos cianogénicos que podem estar presentes na semente madura amêndoa (Prunus dulcis). Métodos encontrados é seleccionado de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), que permite a quantificação dos glicosídeos separar adaptar diferentes técnicas de extracção, tais como o tamanho de partícula influencia o processo de liofilização, onde a área de superfície maior menor sublimação contacto com desengradas amostras de gordura e usando os resultados com amostras desengorduradas, Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, e suportados por outras pesquisas metanol a 100 % foi usado como o agente de extracção e como fase móvel acetonitrilo/água (80:20) de glicósidos cianogénicos, resultando numa concentração elevada de amigdalina a partir de um tempo de extracção de 12 horas. Amigdalina é obtido, com uma concentração de 9,8 mg / 100 g de amostra seca. Os cromatogramas apresentados tempo de retenção (Tr), Amygdalin: 3,4 e prunasina 5,7 dois picos com excelente resolução, com as condições acima podem ser utilizados para a análise por HPLC. identificação e quantificação de amigdalina e prunasina.

Determinación de compuestos cianogénicos amigdalina y prunasina en semillas de almendras (prunus dulcis l) utilizando cromatografía liquida de alta resolución / Determination of cyanogenic compound amygdalin and prunasin in almond kernels (prunus dulcis l) by using liquid chromatography / Determinação de compostos cianogênicos amigdalina e prunasina em sementes e amêndoa (prunus dulcis miller) cromatografia líquida de alta resolução

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aplicar un técnica para determinar y cuantificar por separado los compuestos cianogénicos que pueden estar presentes en la semilla de almendra madura (Prunus dulcis). Entre los métodos encontrados, se seleccionó la cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC), que permite la cuantificación de los glucósidos cianogénicos amigdalina y prunasina por separado, adecuando diferentes procedimientos de extracción como el tamaño de partículas que influye en el proceso de liofilización, donde a menor superficie mayor área de contacto para la sublimación. Se ensayaron muestras sin grasa y con grasa, utilizando los resultados con muestras con grasa, dados los resultados obtenidos. Se utilizó metanol 100% como extractante de los glucósidos cianogénicos, resultando una concentración de amigdalina máxima a partir un tiempo de extracción de 12 horas y como fase móvil acetonitrilo/agua (20:80), se obtiene amigdalina, con una concentración de 9,8 mg/100g de muestra seca. Los cromatogramas obtenidos presentan tiempo de retención (Tr), Amigdalina: 3,4 y Prunasina, 5,7, dos picos con excelente resolución, por lo tanto las condiciones anteriores se pueden utilizar para la identificación y cuantificación de amigdalina y prunasina.

The aim of this study was to apply a technique to identify and quantify separately also cyanogenic compounds that may be present in the mature seed almond (Prunus dulcis). Among the methods selected the chromatography of liquids of high resolution (HPLC), that permit the quantification of the glycosides for the separation process of Freeze Dry where there is less surface there is more contact to sublimation without fat samples, looking at the obtain results and supported by other investigations, the use of 100 % methanol extract as a mobile phase acetonitrile-water (80:20) the results obtained of the glycosides cyanogenics resulting in a concentration of maximum amygdalin from the time of extraction of twelve hours, amygdalin is obtained, with a concentration of 9,8 mg / 100 g of dry sample. The chromatograms obtained a time of retention (Tr), amygdalin 3,4 and prunasin 5,7 two peaks with excellent resolution, to the above conditions can be used for analysis by HPLC, identification and quantification of amygdalin and prunasina.

Neste trabalho, a técnica é aplicada para determinar e também para quantificar separadamente compostos cianogénicos que podem estar presentes na semente madura amêndoa (Prunus dulcis). Métodos encontrados é seleccionado de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), que permite a quantificação dos glicosídeos separar adaptar diferentes técnicas de extracção, tais como o tamanho de partícula influencia o processo de liofilização, onde a área de superfície maior menor sublimação contacto com desengradas amostras de gordura e usando os resultados com amostras desengorduradas, Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, e suportados por outras pesquisas metanol a 100 % foi usado como o agente de extracção e como fase móvel acetonitrilo/água (80:20) de glicósidos cianogénicos, resultando numa concentração elevada de amigdalina a partir de um tempo de extracção de 12 horas. Amigdalina é obtido, com uma concentração de 9,8 mg / 100 g de amostra seca. Os cromatogramas apresentados tempo de retenção (Tr), Amygdalin: 3,4 e prunasina 5,7 dois picos com excelente resolução, com as condições acima podem ser utilizados para a análise por HPLC. identificação e quantificação de amigdalina e prunasina.

Antiatherogenic Effect of Almond Oil in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antiatherogenic effect of almond oil in diabetic rats. Forty five male white albino rats were divided into 3 groups: Control group, diabetic group and diabetic almond oil treated group. Experimental diabetes was induced by single subcutaneous injection of 50mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. After two months blood samples were collected, for assessment of triglycerides, total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, insulin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), nitrite and nitrate (NOx), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX) and DNA damage. Results showed that mean levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol were significantly low and HDL-cholesterol was significantly high in diabetic group received almond oil compared to diabetic group. Mean concentrations of insulin, NOx , GPX activity were significantly high, and mean levels of H2O2 , ICAM-1, percent of DNA damage were significantly low in diabetic group received almond oil compared to diabetic group . The data confirmed property of almond oil as an antioxidant that ameliorates oxidative stress and revealed that it is efficiently improves endothelial function and protects against the development of atherosclerosis in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Análise de frutos e nozes de cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia / Analysis of fruits and nuts of macadamia walnut cultivars

A produção da nogueira-macadâmia é quantificada em "noz em casca" (casca e amêndoa). Assim, cultivares que possuam maior calibre detêm maior valor comercial. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a análise de frutos e nozes de 22 cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia. As cultivares utilizados foram: 'África', 'Beaumont' (695), 'Cannon', 'C160', 'Doroti', 'Edson', 'Flor Rosa', 'HAES 722', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 816', 'HAES 842', 'HAES 849', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'IAC 9-20', 'IAC 9-20X', 'IAC 4-12B', 'Kau' ('HAES 344'), 'Keauhou' ('HAES 246'), 'Keaumi' ('IAC 4-20'), 'Mauka' ('HAES 741'), 'Pahala' ('HAES 788') e '791 Fuji'. Foram determinadas as dimensões (comprimento e diâmetro) e a massa fresca do carpelo, casca e amêndoa, além da massa fresca da "noz em casca" (casca e amêndoa), do TR (relação entre a massa das nozes em casca e a massa das amêndoas resgatadas). As cultivares apresentam diferenças quanto as dimensões dos frutos. A cultivar 'Edson' apresentou frutos e nozes com maiores dimensões e massa. Apenas as cultivares 'Pahala', 'Beaumont', 'IAC 9-20X' e 'Keaumi' apresentaram TR menor que 30 por cento.

The production of the macadamia walnut is measured in "nut in peel" (peel and almond). The cultivar that have higher caliber has greater commercial value. The objective of the present research was to analysis of fruits and nuts of 22 cultivars of macadamia walnut. The cultivars used were: 'África', 'Beaumont' (695), 'Cannon', 'C160', 'Doroti', 'Edson', 'Flor Rosa', 'HAES 722', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 816', 'HAES 842', 'HAES 849', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'IAC 9-20', 'IAC 9-20X', 'IAC 4-12B', 'Kau' ('HAES 344'), 'Keauhou' ('HAES 246'), 'Keaumi' ('IAC 4-20'), 'Mauka' ('HAES 741'), 'Pahala' ('HAES 788') and '791 Fuji'. It was determined the dimensions (length and diameter) and the fresh weight of the carpelo, peel and almond, besides the fresh weight of the "nut in peel" (peel and almond), besides TR (relationship among the weight of the nut in peel and the weight of the rescued almonds). The cultivars presented differences as the dimensions of the fruits. The cultivar 'Edson' presented fruits and nuts with larger dimensions and weight. The cultivars 'Pahala', 'Beaumont', 'IAC 9-20X' and 'Keaumi' presented TR lower than 30 percent.

Characterization of a Brown Rot Fungus Isolated from Dwarf Flowering Almond in Korea

The fruits showing brown rot symptom on dwarf flowering almond were found in Gongju, Chungchungnam-Do in Korea in July 2005. Small water-soaked lesions on the fruits were initiated, and gradually developed to soft rot covered with gray conidia. Then the diseased fruits were shrunk and became grayish-black mummies. A fungus was isolated from the diseased fruit and its morphological, cultural and molecular genetic characteristics were investigated. Typical blastospores of Monilinia spp. were observed under a light microscope both from tissues of the diseased fruits and from PDA-grown cultures. The fungus grew well at 25degrees C and on PDA. The ITS ribosomal DNA region (650 bp) of the fungus was amplified by PCR and analyzed. Comparative data on ITS sequence homology among Monilinia spp., ITS sequence-based phylogram and morphological characteristics showed that the fungus is Monilinia fructicola. This is the first report on Monilinia fructicola causing brown rot on fruits of dwarf flowering almond in Korea.